I'd keep that Casio - it's genuinely useful for chemistry and beyond. The thing your teacher is really driving at is that when you rely on your phone, you're not building the mental muscle to catch mistakes or understand what each step is doing. With a physical calculator in front of you, you're forced to think through the sequence: do I need log or ln here? Am I supposed to be taking the reciprocal? That's the actual learning, not just getting the answer.
Most schools still require or at least strongly encourage scientific calculators, especially in chemistry and physics. Some have shifted to graphing calculators or computer tools for certain units, but the basic scientific calculator is far from obsolete. Your fx-991EX does everything you'll need - it's got the standard functions, it's reliable, and honestly it's better than relying on whatever calculator app you find online because those vary wildly in quality and features.
The one thing I'd push back on from the earlier takes is the idea that your phone calculator is somehow just "slower." Speed isn't really the issue - it's that phone apps don't teach you the same way. When you use an actual device designed for calculations, the layout and button layout become muscle memory, and you're way less likely to zone out and just trust whatever result pops up. Keep using what you've got.