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The main difference is that judo is more focused on throwing techniques and unbalancing your opponent, while ju-jitsu works a lot more with leverage, strangulations, and joint locks. In judo you're trying to take the person down fast and clean, and often the match ends right there. In ju-jitsu you can keep fighting on the ground for longer, exploring positions and submissions.
Judo is also a more standardized sport, with well-defined rules and a philosophy behind it (that whole thing about maximum efficiency). It's more common in official competitions and the Olympics. Ju-jitsu, especially Brazilian, allows way more variation in techniques and has this thing of more creative grappling on the ground.
Another important thing is that in judo certain moves and strikes are prohibited to protect the athletes, while in ju-jitsu there are age and experience categories that allow or don't allow certain strikes. But basically, if you want to throw someone explosively, judo's your thing. If you want to dominate someone on the ground with technique and patience, that's more ju-jitsu for sure.
Judo was born as a more sportive and controlled version of ju-jitsu, and that really shapes how it's practiced today. In judo everything really revolves around throws - you learn to use your opponent's weight and balance against them, with those spectacular takedowns you see at the Olympics. It's much more dynamic, more explosive. Judo competition also has pretty strict rules about where you can attack, and a lot of things are banned to prevent serious injuries.
Ju-jitsu, on the other hand, is much more about control through leverage, gentle chokes and joint locks - it's much more... how do I put it, methodical? You're often on the ground, working position, looking for that right angle to pull off a lock or a choke. You have way more time to think and adapt. I remember a mate who started with judo and then trained ju-jitsu for a while - he used to say it was like going from a fast-paced action video game to a chess game on the mat. In judo he was dazzled by the throws, but in ju-jitsu his patience really flourished.
So, to sum it up: judo is more standing, explosive, with rules that protect you pretty well; ju-jitsu is more on the ground, technical, focused on submissions and control. They're different enough that you'll really feel the shift when you move from one to the other.
You didn't touch on what really matters in practice: in ju-jitsu you work a lot on the ground (ground game), while in judo the focus is on throwing your opponent and the fight basically ends there, so there's way less time spent on the ground. If you want to learn real self-defense or you want a more complete sport, it makes a big difference where you train.
Anyone who trains both sports eventually realizes that judo is more "explosive" - you've got seconds to throw your opponent, and then the fight's dynamics shift completely. In ju-jitsu, especially the Brazilian version, the pace is way slower and more strategic because you can spend entire minutes on the ground working position and waiting for the right opening for a submission or choke. Another thing people don't really mention much: in competitive judo you get points for basically anything (even a slight loss of balance counts), whereas in ju-jitsu scoring is stricter and defense matters more - you can lose and still not rack up many points.
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