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Email is completely normal these days and most employers expect it - unless the job posting explicitly asks for something different. Writing a traditional letter comes across as outdated and often doesn't even reach the right person because the application materials end up sitting somewhere in the office instead of going straight into the inbox.
That said, there are a few exceptions: with very conservative industries (trades, some long-established companies) or if the posting explicitly asks for mail, I'd send a letter. But even then, a professional email is usually fine. The content matters way more anyway - whether it's a letter or email, your cover letter needs to be tailored to the job, not some generic thing.
In short: write a good email. If you're really unsure, you can call the company and quickly ask how they prefer it. That comes across as proactive too.
Just check the job posting - if there's an email address listed, that's where you want to send it; anything else would be weird. It's always worked for me to just send a PDF with a cover letter and CV by email, and I'd get a response within a day or two. You really only need to send a letter by mail if the company explicitly asks for it, which hardly ever happens anymore.
Email has always worked for me, and it's the standard nowadays. The others are right - if there's an email address in the job posting, use it. Done.
But it does depend a bit on the industry. In some conservative fields, they still expect you to do it formally. In that case, it's worth taking a quick look at the company's website or, if needed, calling the HR department - just ask "how would you like us to submit the materials?" That comes across as engaged and not weird.
Generally, I'd say: email with a PDF is the safe route. A printed letter is unnecessary hassle and will probably end up in the trash somewhere. Only do something different if the job posting explicitly asks for it.
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