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Yes, it comes back pretty quickly if you don't take care of your oral hygiene. Tartar forms when bacterial plaque mineralizes, and that happens even after professional cleaning if you keep up the same habits. The best thing is to brush well every day, use dental floss, and get regular cleanings at the dentist, otherwise you'll have buildup again in just a few months.
The main thing that makes tartar come back quickly is letting bacterial plaque build up. If you're not brushing properly, not flossing, and eating a lot of sugary stuff, that yellowish biofilm forms again in just a few weeks, and eventually mineralizes into tartar again. Professional cleaning removes everything, but it's not magic - it just gives you a "reset".
What really makes a difference is your day-to-day routine. Brush twice a day with decent technique (not that aggressive way that damages your gums), floss or use an interdental brush every single day, and stop snacking all the time. If you're removing plaque regularly, tartar takes way longer to form. Some people go back for cleaning every 6 months and keep everything clean; others go back in 3 months because they fell back into their old habits. It really depends on how committed you are, not on how fast tartar "naturally" comes back.
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