I resigned from a store in May and my employer is telling me I have to wait 30 days to get my severance pay. Is it true there's a legal deadline? He didn't even give me the work period certificate.
Your employer has 30 days from when the employment relationship ends to pay your TFR, so if you resigned in May they should have already met that deadline and have no excuse. For the certificate of your work period, you can ask them for it in writing (an email is fine too) and they're required to provide it within a few days, otherwise contact the Labour Inspectorate in your region and they'll help you enforce your rights.
If we're already in September, more than 30 days have passed since May, so your employer has already well exceeded the legal deadline - they can't use "I need to wait" as an excuse. What you're saying is right: by law they have 30 days from the end of employment, period. As for the work certification (the CU form or certificate), that's a different thing and they have to give it to you anyway regardless of the TFR, it's a document you need for INPS.
If you haven't received anything, send a PEC to your employer asking for both the TFR and the certification, with a copy to a union or a labor consulting firm. Often just an official letter is enough to get them moving.
By May, four months had already passed, so your employer has well and truly exceeded the 30 days required by law. It's not a valid excuse to say they need to wait longer - they should have paid you back in June/July already. As for the work period certification, that's a separate document you're entitled to anyway and you can request it formally in writing, even now. If they keep not paying the TFR and won't provide you with the documentation, at this point you should contact a union or a labor law firm, because the situation is clearly irregular here.
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