Polyurethane sealers are the ones that hold up best outdoors with moisture, but there's a crucial detail a lot of people skip: the crack needs to be completely dry before you apply anything, and on a damp patio that's trickier than it sounds. If you put sealer on wet concrete or over condensation, no matter how expensive the brand, it'll fail just like what you already tried.
My recommendation is that you use a two-component polyurethane sealer, like the ones they sell for movement joints in construction. Yeah, they're pricier than the generic stuff, but they handle wet-dry cycles way better. Before you get started, keep the patio rain-free for at least two or three days if you can, or if that's not possible, dry the cracks thoroughly with towels and apply a primer for damp concrete if your product allows it. That really improves the adhesion.
One more thing: widen those cracks a bit before sealing if you can, even with a screwdriver or chisel. Sealers work better when they go into a V-shaped crack than when you're trying to fill something super tight. Let it cure for the full time the container says, because a lot of people mess it up by trying to use the patio too soon. With patience on the prep work and a good product, it should last way longer than two months.