The gap between a headline target and actual delivery is almost always wider than people expect, and 1.5 million does feel like it was set more as political messaging than a genuine forecast. That said, the earlier responses are underselling how much is actually within government control - planning reform, building regulations, and direct investment can move the needle faster than it seems. The real problem isn't that the target was impossible; it's that it required sustained political will and funding across multiple election cycles, which almost never happens. You're right that costs, labor shortages, and developer incentives matter enormously, but England's planning system is genuinely sclerotic in ways that other countries have fixed. Whether they hit 1.5 million or 1.2 million, the housing shortage itself won't disappear either way - what matters is whether we actually see a shift in the stock of affordable, buildable land, which requires decisions that go beyond what any single minister can admit to or deny.