One thing that tends to work better than any punishment is flipping the whole thing around: instead of you managing their schedule, make them own the consequences of not doing it. Like, if they run out of clean clothes because laundry didn't happen, that's on them - they deal with wearing something they don't like or rewashing stuff in a pinch. Sounds harsh but it's not actually punishing them, it's just letting reality be the teacher. Same with dishes - if they're the only one who can use a clean bowl and there are none, well, now they have motivation.
The trick is backing off the reminders and consequences you control, because yeah, those other answers nailed it about how reminders just train them to wait for the prompt. But where I'd push back a little is that it's not just about tying chores to something they want (that helps, sure) - it's more about removing you from the equation entirely. Stop being the person who enforces it. Make the natural outcome of not doing the thing be what matters to them in the moment. A 14-year-old running out of clean socks before a hangout? That hits different than losing phone privileges because mom said so.
You might also try asking them how they want to handle it instead of telling them. Some teens respond way better when they have actual say in the system - like maybe they do laundry Sunday evenings, or maybe they'd rather do it all at once on Saturday. Just making sure it happens, not how or when you think it should. Takes the power struggle out of it.