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It really depends on the person, but generally it takes a few weeks to get over the initial shock and a few months to get your head straight and figure out a new plan of action. The important thing is not to dwell on it, talk to someone you trust, and realize that failing doesn't define you - it's more common than you'd think and plenty of people go through it. If you can tackle the next attempt with a better strategy (more studying, extra help, whatever you need), the psychological recovery will come naturally.
The emotional shock passes quickly if you don't dwell on it alone - talk to someone you trust, plan your next step, and move forward, because just ruminating about it only makes everything worse.
True recovery happens when you stop comparing yourself to people who passed on the first try. Like, the emotional shock does wear off in a few days, yeah, but what actually takes time is stopping yourself from feeling less capable than everyone else - and that can take months if you keep stuck in that guilt spiral.
The people here are right about talking it through and making a plan, but there's one thing nobody mentioned: it's not just about time passing that helps, it's what you do with it. If you wait to feel better before you take action, you can get stuck. The best thing is to start working on the stuff that went wrong right away - review the material, change how you study, get help - while you still have that "never again" feeling. That anger at the situation is kind of your ally, just don't let it turn into destructive self-criticism.
And let's be real: the faster you actually accept that you failed (like, really accept it, not just pretend everything's fine) and see it as useful information to fix something, the faster we move past it. Some people spend months dwelling on it, but some people use the hit to come out better. The difference is more about what you decide to do than about time itself.
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