Your phone's camera is genuinely your best first step, and the reason is simple - you need to figure out if you actually like *doing* photography before you buy gear. The creative part (composition, light, timing) is what makes photography fun, and your phone handles that perfectly fine. Spend a few months shooting with what you've got, learn the basics of framing and lighting, and see if you're still interested when it's not shiny and new anymore.
Once you know you're actually into it, *then* think about upgrading. A used entry-level DSLR or mirrorless camera from a few years back can be had for $300-500 if you shop around, and that's when you get real benefits like better battery life, an optical viewfinder (on DSLRs), and room to grow into different lenses. But honestly, plenty of people discover they're happy just improving their phone photography skills with better understanding of composition and editing apps.
The trap most people fall into is buying expensive gear hoping it'll make them passionate about the hobby. It doesn't work that way. Take a bunch of photos with your phone first, see what subjects actually catch your eye, notice which lighting conditions excite you. That knowledge will make whatever camera you buy later way more useful because you'll actually know what you're looking for.