Did you delete them from Google Photos itself, or from your phone's camera roll?
So here's the thing - the other answers are on the right track, but they're missing a key distinction. When you delete a photo in the Google Photos app, it only removes it from your Google Photos library. Your phone's actual camera roll or gallery app still has the original file sitting there. Auto-sync doesn't care what you deleted in Google Photos; it just scans your device storage and says "hey, this photo exists on the phone, better sync it." So it re-uploads everything it finds, even stuff you thought you got rid of.
The fix is to delete from your phone's native storage too - not just from Google Photos. Go into your phone's default gallery or camera app and delete them there. Once they're gone from the device itself, auto-sync won't find them anymore and you're actually done. You might also want to check if there's a folder like "Recently Deleted" or a trash bin in either app that's still holding onto these photos; some phones keep deleted items there for 30 days or so before permanently removing them.
If you want to be extra safe going forward, you could temporarily turn off auto-sync while you're cleaning house, delete everything you want gone from both places, then turn sync back on. That way there's no confusion about what's syncing where.