You need to renew your passport before November, there's no way around it. Mexico rejects any expired travel documents without exceptions, and airlines won't let you board the plane if your passport is expired either. What a lot of people don't know is that some Latin American countries have agreements for quick renewals if you travel from abroad, but for that you'd already need to be in Mexico or another country, so it's better to sort it out from Colombia right now.
What's definitely worth checking is whether your country has express renewal or faster processes for recently expired passports. Two months isn't that long, so maybe there are quicker options than the normal process. Call the passport office in your city and ask how long it's taking right now in October, because wait times vary sometimes. If you manage to renew it in time you'd arrive in Cancún in November without any issues.