The real trap with deck builders on mobile is that a lot of them feel designed to drain your wallet - so check the reviews specifically about whether progression gets annoyingly slow without spending. Inscryption is solid if you haven't tried it, though fair warning: it's more puzzle-heavy and weird than Slay the Spire, less about pure strategy and more about figuring out what's going on. That said, it absolutely plays great on a phone and has no ads or energy systems messing with you.
Monster Train is probably closer to what you're after if you want that straight deckbuilding dopamine. It's got a similar run structure, you're building synergies between cards, and the screen real estate works well enough. Downside is it can feel a bit repetitive after you've won a bunch, but that's true of most roguelikes anyway. Neither of these will hit exactly the same as Slay the Spire - that game's just weirdly perfect - but they're the best alternatives I've found that don't make you feel like you're being squeezed for money.
If you're desperate and don't mind something totally different, Dominion has a decent app version too, though it's more traditional card game than roguelike. The ones to avoid are the ones with energy timers or battle passes; you'll get bored of watching a clock more than playing cards.