I've seen this happen with my phone before - battery just drops out of nowhere for no obvious reason. Usually it's some app doing weird stuff in the background, but what you need to watch out for is location services and network sync. Sometimes it's not one single app causing trouble, but a bunch of smaller ones that together drain power constantly. Try going to Settings > Battery and see if there's something in "Battery usage" that stands out - not just the apps at the top, but system services too.
A common trap people forget about: system updates running in the background. Samsung tends to do updates as a background task, especially after a major update. Check Settings > Software update, and you'll see if something's preparing. While you're at it, you can also verify that Wi-Fi and Bluetooth aren't constantly trying to connect - it's weird but it can use up a lot of power if the settings are misconfigured.
If this really just started out of nowhere and you don't see anything suspicious, honestly a software restart could help - not a factory reset, just a full reboot or a safe mode restart to see if some app is still causing problems after restarting. Sometimes something breaks in the system without you seeing it directly.